Integration: An American Perspective

Authors

  • Moon K. Chang

Keywords:

America, Perspective, Policies, Reports, Legislation, Environment, Learning Disabilities, Challenges, Integration, Free Education, Inclusive, Support

Abstract

Public Law 94-142 passed in the United States in 1975, guaranteed a free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment to all children with disabilities. Studies over the last fifteen years have shown that the application of the law has been problematic and challenging. 

References

Baker, J.M. and Zigmond, N. (1990). Are regular education classes equipped to accommodate students with learning disabilities? Exceptional Children, 56(6), 515-526.

Berryman, J.D. (1989). Attitudes of the public toward educational mainstreaming. RASE, 10(4), 44-49.

Bogdan, R. (1983). Does mainstreaming work? Is a silly question. Phi Delta Kappan, 64(6), 427-428.

Byrnes, M. (1990). The regular education initiative debate: A view from the field. Exceptional Children, 56(4), 345-349.

Cole, D.A. et al. (1986). Interactions between peers with and without severe handicaps: Dynamics of teacher intervention. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91(2), 160-169.

Davis, W. (1989). The regular education initiative debate: Its promises and problems. Exceptional Children, 55(5), 440-446.

Epps, S., and Tindall, G. (1987). The effectiveness of differential programming in serving students with mild handicaps: Placement options and instructional programming. In M.C. Wang, M.C. Reynolds, and H.J. Walberg (Eds.) Handbook of special education: Research and practice, vol. I: Learner characteristics and adaptive education. Oxford: Pergamon.

Fitzgerald, N.B. (1985). Competencies and contexts of friendship development in a reverse mainstreamed preschool. ERIC ED 262 876. Gersten, R., and Woodward, J. (1990). Rethinking the regular education initiative: Focus on the classroom teacher. RASE, 11 (3), 7-16.

Hallahan, D.P., and Kauffman, J.M. (1988). Exceptional children: Introduction to special education (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Jenkins, J.R., Constance, G.P., and Jewell, M. (1990). Special education and the regular education initiative: Basic assumptions. Exceptional Children 56(6), 479-491.

Kauffman, J.M., Gerber, M.M., and Semmel, M.I. (1988). Arguable assumptions underlying the regular education initiative. Journal of Learning Disabilities 21, 6-12.

Loucks-Horsley, S., and Roody, D.S. (1990). Using what is known about change to inform the regular education initiative. RASE, 11 (3), 51-56.

Miller, L. (1990). The regular education initiative and school reform: Lessons from the mainstream. RASE, 11 (3), 17-22.

Myles, B.S., and Simpson, R.L. (1989). Regular educators' modification preferences for mainstreaming mildly handicapped children. Journal of Special Education. 22(4), 479-491. Prasse, D.P., and Reschly, D.J. (1986). Larry P.: A case of segregation, testing, or program efficacy? Exceptional Children, 52(4), 333-346.

Reynolds, M.C., Wang, M.C., and Walberg, H.J. (1987). The necessary restructuring of special and regular education. Exceptional Children, 53(5), 391-398.

St. Paul Public Schools MN. (1984). Special education council mainstreaming study. ERIC ED 268753. Salend, S.J., and Salend, S.M.(1986). Competencies for mainstreaming secondary level learning disabled students. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 19(2), 91 94.

Salvia, J., and Ysseldyke, J.E. (1988). Assessment in special and remedial education (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Schneider, B.H., and Byrne, B.M. (1984). Predictors of successful transition from self-contained special education to regular class settings. Psychology in the Schools, 21(3), 375-380.

U.S. Dept. of Education (1989). Executive summary - Tenth annual report to congress on the implementation of the Education of the Handicapped Act. Exceptional children, 56(1), 7-9. Wood, J.W.(1989). Mainstreaming: A practical approach for teachers. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill.

Yager, S. (1985). The effects of co-operative and individualistic learning experience on positive and negative cross handicap relationships. Contemporary Edu cational Psychology, 10(2), 127-138.

Downloads

Published

1991-11-11

How to Cite

Chang, M. K. (1991). Integration: An American Perspective. REACH: Journal of Inclusive Education in Ireland, 5(1), 35–40. Retrieved from https://reachjournal.ie/index.php/reach/article/view/463

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (1991)

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright Notice

Authors contributing to REACH: Journal of Inclusive Education in Ireland retain the copyright of their article and at the same time agree to publish their articles under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License allowing third parties to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms:  

  • Attribution (BY): You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  • NonCommercial (NC): You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
  • NoDerivatives (ND): If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.

Learn more about Creative Commons  licensing.