“You Learned The Language Without Even Realising”: Resilience And Challenges Of Second-Language Learning For Learners With Dyslexia In Immersion Education

Authors

  • Emma Craven
  • Ashling Bourke

Keywords:

Educational resilience, dyslexia, immersion education, second language learning

Abstract

Learners with dyslexia can experience challenges in second language (L2) learning, given how their brain interprets language and processes vocabulary. This study explored the experiences of learning Irish as an L2 in Irish-medium (IM) and English-medium (EM) primary schools in the Republic of Ireland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four young adults (undergraduates, aged 19-22) with dyslexia who reflected on their L2 Irish language learning experiences in primary school. The findings indicate similar experience for learners with dyslexia in IM schools and EM schools. The experiences of these learners as they engaged with L2 learning was nuanced, including cognitive and emotional challenges as well as strengths across language learning, such as the use of decoding strategies.  The findings highlighted the importance of educational resilience - positive attitudes towards, and personal identification with, the Irish language.  Perseverance was also important trait within these learners, as it helped them to learn and engage with the L2 despite the language and literacy challenges that dyslexia can bring. 

References

Barnes, E. (2017). Dyslexia Assessment and Reading Intervention for Pupils in Irish-Medium Education: Insights into Current Practice and Considerations for Improvement. [Doctoral dissertation. Trinity College Dublin].

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122.

Battistutta, L., Commissaire, E., & Steffgen, G. (2018). Impact of the time of diagnosis on the perceived competence of adolescents with dyslexia. Learning Disability Quarterly, 41(3), 170-178.

Bialystok, E. (2011). Reshaping the mind: the benefits of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 65(4), 229.

Bialystok, E. & S. Majumder. (1998). The relationship between bilingualism and the development of cognitive processes in problem-solving. Applied Psycholinguistics 19, 69–85.

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 297-298.

Code, J. (2020). Agency for learning: Intention, motivation, self-efficacy and self-regulation. Frontiers in Education, 5, 19.

Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087.

Fernández-Martín, F. D., Arco-Tirado, J. L., & Hervás-Torres, M. (2020). Grit as a predictor and outcome of educational, professional and personal success: A systematic review. Psicología Educativa, 26(2), 163-173.

Fortune, T.W. (2011). Struggling learners and the language immersion classroom. Immersion Education: Practices, Policies, Possibilities, 83, 251.

Garza, A. V., & Crawford, L. (2005). Hegemonic multiculturalism: English immersion, ideology, and subtractive schooling. Bilingual Research Journal, 29(3), 599-619.

Gibby-Leversuch, R., Hartwell, B. K., & Wright, S. (2021). Dyslexia, literacy difficulties and the self-perceptions of children and young people: A systematic review. Current Psychology, 40(11), 5595-5612.

Gunnerud HL, Ten Braak D, Reikerås EKL, Donolato E, Melby-Lervåg M. (2020). Is bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(12), 1059-1083.

Helland, T., & Kaasa, R. (2005). Dyslexia in English as a second language. Dyslexia, 11(1), 41-60.

Hickey, T. M. & Stenson, N. (2011). Irish orthography: what do teachers and learners need to know about it, and why? Language, Culture and Curriculum, 24, 1, 23-46.

Kay-Raining Bird, E., Trudeau, N., & Sutton, A. (2016). Pulling it all together: The road to lasting bilingualism for children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Communication Disorders, 63, 63–78. 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.07.005

Lambert, W.E. (1978). Some cognitive and sociocultural consequences of being bilingual. In J.E. Alatis (Ed.), International Dimensions of Bilingual Education. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1978.

Law, J. M., Wouters, J., & Ghesquière, P. (2015). Morphological awareness and its role in compensation in adults with dyslexia. Dyslexia, 21(3), 254-272.

Lundberg, I. (2002). Second language learning and reading with the additional load of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 52(1), 165–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-002-0011-z

MacIntyre-Coyle, F. & Nic Aindriú, S. (2023). Supporting the Parents of Students with Irish Literacy Difficulties in Gaeltacht Schools. REACH: Journal of Inclusive Education in Ireland, 36(2).

McCoy, S., & Banks, J. (2012). Simply academic? Why children with special educational needs don’t like school. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 27(1), 81-97.

McEwan, B. (2020). Sampling and validity. Annals of the International Communication Association, 44(3), 235-247.

Ní Chiaruáin, M. (2009). An examination of how children with dyslexia experience reading in two languages in a Gaelscoil (Doctoral dissertation, Dublin City University).

Nic Aindriú, S. (2020). The additional supports required by pupils with special educational needs in Irish-medium schools. [Doctoral dissertation, Dublin City University].

Nic Aindriú, S. (2021a). The experiences of pupils with special educational needs in Irish-medium schools. REACH: Journal of Inclusive Education in Ireland, 33(2), 101-112. https://reachjournal.ie/index.php/reach/article/view/3

Nic Aindriú, S. (2021b). The Challenges of Irish Language Acquisition for Students with Special Educational Needs in Irish-medium Primary Schools. TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, 28, 176-201.

Nic Aindriú, S., & Ó Duibhir, P. (2023). The Challenges Facing Irish-Medium Primary and Post-Primary Schools When Implementing a Whole-School Approach to Meeting the Additional Education Needs of Their Students. Education Sciences, 13(7), 671.

Nic Aindriú, S., Ó Duibhir, P., & Travers, J. (2020). The prevalence and types of special educational needs in Irish immersion primary schools in the Republic of Ireland, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 35(5), 603-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2020.1732109

Nijakowska, J. (2020). Dyslexia in the context of second language learning and teaching. Pragmalingüística, Monográfico 2, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.2020.iextra2.15

Ó Duibhir, P. (2018). Immersion education: Lessons from a minority language context (Vol. 111). Multilingual Matters.

Patton, R. and Mathews, E. (2020). Principals’ attitudes towards the suitability of Irish language immersion education for children with dyslexia. TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, 27, 22-43.

Reina, R., Soto, M., Marques, J., & Reina, M. (2024). Dyslexia, Bilingualism and Education: Influence on Reading Processing in L1 and L2. Ilha do Desterro, 76, 251-278.

Rutter, M. (1979). Maternal deprivation, 1972-1978: New findings, new concepts, new approaches. Child Development, 283-305.

Sanfilippo, J., Ness, M., Petscher, Y., Rappaport, L., Zuckerman, B., & Gaab, N. (2020). Reintroducing dyslexia: Early identification and implications for paediatric practice. Pediatrics, 146(1).

Saville-Troike, M. and Barto, K. (2017). Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.

Snowling, M. J. (2014). Dyslexia: A language learning impairment. Journal of the British Academy, 2. https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/002.043

Tedick, D. J., Christian, D., & Fortune, T. W. (Eds.). (2011). Immersion education: Practices, policies, possibilities. Multilingual Matters.

Tijms, J. (2004). Verbal memory and phonological processing in dyslexia. Journal of Research in Reading, 27(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2004.00233.x

Vygotsky, L.S., (1987). The collected works of LS Vygotsky: The fundamentals of defectology (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.

Waxman, H. C., Gray, J. P., & Padron, Y. N. (2003). Review of research on educational resilience. Center for research on education, diversity & excellence.

Zehrbach, G. (2011). Two-way immersion charter schools: An analysis of program characteristics and student body compositions. Immersion education: Practices, policies, possibilities, 58-78.

Downloads

Published

2025-05-01

How to Cite

Craven, E., & Bourke, A. . (2025). “You Learned The Language Without Even Realising”: Resilience And Challenges Of Second-Language Learning For Learners With Dyslexia In Immersion Education. REACH: Journal of Inclusive Education in Ireland, 38(1). Retrieved from https://reachjournal.ie/index.php/reach/article/view/642